Periscope

A periscope is an optical device that enables the observation of objects beyond the direct line of sight, commonly used in submarines. Its original concept was based on a system of mirrors, and the inventor of the prototype, Johannes Hevelius, was an astronomer from Gdańsk. Periscopes in submarines allow for a full 360-degree view of the horizon due to their ability to rotate completely. Modern vessels may even utilize three periscopes: a short one for torpedo attacks, a larger one for general observation, and a night periscope. In the 21st century, traditional periscopes are gradually being replaced by digital cameras, which enhance image quality and enable observation under various conditions. In military technology, the periscope serves the functions of binoculars and rangefinders, and its construction, despite relying on simple optical principles, is complex. The use of the device has deep historical roots, dating back to the 19th century when innovations such as replacing mirrors with prisms and mechanisms for retracting and rotating the periscope were introduced. An interesting fact is that the length of modern periscopes can reach up to 18 meters, allowing for sea surface observation even at shallow depths. With technological advancements, the introduction of radars necessitated modifications to periscopes to make them less detectable. Ultimately, modern submarines are replacing traditional periscopes with video systems, transforming the methods of observation during underwater operations.