Senatorska Tower at Wawel

The Senatorska Tower, also known as Lubranka, is the tallest of the three preserved towers at Wawel and part of a unique complex of fire towers. It was built between 1447 and 1460 during the reign of Casimir IV Jagiellon, with the aim of strengthening the castle's defenses in response to advancements in artillery. The tower's architecture combines lower stone-built levels with upper brick sections, and vertical circulation is provided by stairs embedded within the wall. Shortly after its completion, a decision was made to heighten the tower, which was then covered with a steep roof. In the 18th century, it underwent a series of modifications, including the lowering of some floors, as documented in the Bielski Chronicle of 1595. Its name derives from Grzegorz of Lubrańce, the prosecutor general, and in later centuries it was also referred to as Olbramka and Wolbromka. In 1536, the tower was damaged by fire and underwent repairs that continued into the 1540s. Over the centuries, it suffered repeated damage from fires, including during the Swedish Deluge, leading to ongoing renovations. In 1858, the Austrians remodeled the tower, removing the sloped roof and adding a pseudo-Gothic crenellation. Further detrimental changes occurred during the Nazi occupation, when historical architectural elements were lost. Between 2002 and 2003, a comprehensive reconstruction of the tower was carried out, restoring its historical form and a roof covered with monk and nun tiles, thanks to the collaboration of architect Piotr Stępień and Dr. Stanisław Karczmarczyk. The Senatorska Tower, with its rich history, architecture, and numerous cultural modifications, stands as a vital part of Poland's national and architectural heritage.